In recent times, the European Union’s stance on its northern African neighbors has been marred by misconceptions, historical baggage, and a reluctance to embrace change. While issues like migration, terrorism, and energy have long been at the forefront of EU policy discussions, there’s a growing need to shift towards a more constructive and mutually beneficial approach.
Europe’s colonial past with countries like France, Spain, and Italy has left behind a complex legacy. While historical knowledge can be valuable, it often comes with strained relations and vested interests. To embark on a new chapter of cooperation with northern Africa, it’s essential to recognize the contradictions that define our current relations.
One glaring contradiction is the fear of uncontrolled migration, which has led to the de facto closure of legal avenues for educational and professional exchanges. This leaves the younger generation with no option but illegal migration, hindering circular migration and reinvestment in their home countries. Moreover, limited exchange of goods and services and inadequate investments in energy and transport infrastructure continue to impede progress.
The promise of a fresh start in European-North African relations, epitomized by the Barcelona Process of 2020, has somewhat waned. Existing trade and investment agreements, some dating back to the 1990s, remain unfulfilled. Trade patterns show a heavy reliance on Morocco, with limited and imbalanced trade with Algeria and Tunisia.
Unfortunately, European policymakers seem to be repeating past mistakes. Recent migration agreements, such as the one with Tunisia, appear to follow a similar trajectory as the 2015 migration crisis. The hope that other nations will behave differently is naive at best.
Taking a closer look at Tunisia reveals a nation teetering on the brink of collapse. Expecting them to manage issues that the European Union itself struggled with is unrealistic. Furthermore, the fear of losing influence to other global powers has prevented Europe from critically evaluating its approach.
European policy is at risk of adopting a ‘super-realist’ engagement mode, abandoning the principles of conditionality and setting the stage for future failures. However, there is still an opportunity to recalibrate our approach in three key areas: stakeholders, legal frameworks, and communication.
While ‘civil society’ is often lauded as a potential game-changer, it’s essential to define whom we mean by this term. Civic engagement, particularly in Tunisia, remains robust, albeit less so in other countries. Europe must engage with ruling elites, even if they fall short of democratic standards. Non-governmental actors, including European political parties, can play a role in fostering connections.
EU agreements, especially in trade, currently pursue a ‘one-catch-all’ approach, adding multiple objectives like climate protection and labor rights. A more focused approach could expedite agreements while leaving room for future additions.
One recurring problem is the lack of effective public diplomacy from the European Union. Inconsistent messaging, both within EU institutions and with member states and non-governmental actors, has led to mixed signals. Europe needs to craft a compelling narrative that it can share with its northern African neighbors.
EU-North Africa relations may face challenges in the years ahead, but there’s an opportunity for Europe to chart the right course. By reevaluating its policy instruments and approach, Europe can pave the way for more productive and mutually beneficial cooperation across the Mediterranean.
